Journal of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery

Heart failure is a common disease that can usually affect the other organs. The presence of a common link between heart failure and its comorbidities, such as muscle wasting, renal failure, and major depression, remains to be elucidated. Heart failure leads to activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. On the other hand, the immune system cascades are important for the development of most comorbidities. Herein, we discussed the hypothesis that activation of the immune system in the early phase of heart failure is relevant in the pathophysiology of the comorbidities that develop in the subsequent course of the disease.